Passage:

As urbanization continues to increase globally, cities face numerous challenges related to infrastructure, housing, and the environment. One significant issue is the __________ (A) of affordable housing. As more people migrate to urban areas, the demand for housing rises, often leading to a __________ (B) in prices. This situation can result in a lack of affordable options for lower-income residents, exacerbating issues of inequality and segregation. To address this, many cities are implementing __________ (C) housing policies that aim to provide more affordable housing units. These policies often include measures such as rent controls, subsidies, and incentives for developers to build affordable housing. However, the __________ (D) of these policies can vary greatly depending on local conditions and governance structures.

In addition to housing, cities must also manage the __________ (E) of infrastructure. As urban populations grow, the demand for transportation, water, and sanitation services increases. Investing in modern and efficient infrastructure is crucial to maintaining the quality of life for urban residents. Smart city initiatives, which leverage technology to improve urban management, are becoming increasingly popular. These initiatives can enhance the efficiency of public services, reduce environmental impact, and promote sustainable development. For instance, smart transportation systems can help reduce traffic __________ (F) and lower emissions.

Environmental sustainability is another major concern for cities. Urban areas are often __________ (G) to high levels of pollution, which can have detrimental effects on public health and the environment. To combat this, many cities are implementing green initiatives, such as expanding public transportation, promoting cycling and walking, and creating green spaces. These measures not only improve air quality but also enhance the __________ (H) of life for residents by providing recreational areas and reducing urban heat islands.

Another critical aspect of urban development is economic growth. Cities are often centers of economic activity, attracting businesses and talent. However, ensuring __________ (I) economic growth requires careful planning and investment in education, healthcare, and infrastructure. It is important for cities to create opportunities for all residents, including marginalized communities, to participate in and benefit from economic growth. This can be achieved through inclusive policies, support for small businesses, and workforce development programs.

Ultimately, the future of urbanization depends on the ability of cities to manage these challenges effectively. By __________ (J) innovative solutions and policies, cities can become more resilient, sustainable, and inclusive, providing a better quality of life for all residents.