A) Phagocytosis
B) Pinocytosis
C) Exocytosis
D) Endocytosis
Correct Answer: A) Phagocytosis
Explanation: Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell—often a phagocyte or a protist—engulfs a solid particle to form an internal compartment known as a phagosome. It is involved in the acquisition of nutrients for some cells.
A) Thyroid gland
B) Pineal gland
C) Pituitary gland
D) Adrenal gland
Correct Answer: C) Pituitary gland
Explanation: The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 grams (0.018 oz) in humans. It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland secretes hormones regulating homeostasis, including trophic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands.
A) Connective tissue
B) Epithelial tissue
C) Muscle tissue
D) Nervous tissue
Correct Answer: A) Connective tissue
Explanation: Blood is considered a connective tissue because it has a matrix. The living cell types are red blood cells, also called erythrocytes, and white blood cells, also called leukocytes. The fluid portion of whole blood, its matrix, is commonly called plasma.
A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin B12
C) Vitamin C
D) Vitamin D
Correct Answer: A) Vitamin A
Explanation: Vitamin A plays a crucial role in the conversion of light energy into electrical signals in the retina of the eye. This process is vital for good vision, especially in low-light conditions.
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) Binary fission
D) Budding
Correct Answer: B) Meiosis
Explanation: Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells. This process is required to produce egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction.
A) Condensation
B) Precipitation
C) Transpiration
D) Evaporation
Correct Answer: C) Transpiration
Explanation: Transpiration is the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere.
A) Liver
B) Pancreas
C) Kidney
D) Stomach
Correct Answer: B) Pancreas
Explanation: The pancreas produces insulin, a hormone that helps to regulate blood sugar levels by allowing glucose to be taken up into cells.
A) Muscular system
B) Endocrine system
C) Nervous system
D) Skeletal system
Correct Answer: D) Skeletal system
Explanation: The skeletal system includes all of the bones and joints in the body. Each bone is a complex living organ that is made up of many cells, protein fibers, and minerals.
A) Smooth muscle
B) Cardiac muscle
C) Skeletal muscle
D) Elastic muscle
Correct Answer: B) Cardiac muscle
Explanation: The heart is composed of a special type of muscle called cardiac muscle that has the ability to contract and relax through the life of the person without ever becoming fatigued.
A) Capillaries
B) Arterioles
C) Venules
D) Sinusoids
Correct Answer: A) Capillaries
Explanation: Capillaries are the smallest of a body’s blood vessels and are part of its microcirculation. Their endothelial linings are only one cell layer thick. Capillaries connect to arterioles on one end and venules on the other.
A) Pathogen
B) Antibiotic
C) Vaccine
D) Antigen
Correct Answer: A) Pathogen
Explanation: A pathogen or infectious agent is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host. The term is most often used for agents that disrupt the normal physiology of a multicellular animal or plant.
A) Trachea
B) Bronchi
C) Alveoli
D) Larynx
Correct Answer: C) Alveoli
Explanation: Alveoli are tiny sacs within our lungs that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and bloodstream. The alveoli are where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out.
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Adrenaline
D) Cortisol
Correct Answer: B) Glucagon
Explanation: Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas, that raises the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream. Its effect is opposite that of insulin, which lowers the glucose concentration.
A) Commensal
B) Mutualistic
C) Parasitic
D) Symbiotic
Correct Answer: C) Parasitic
Explanation: A parasite is an organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its food from or at the expense of its host. There are three main classes of parasites that can cause disease in humans: protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites.
A) To produce eggs
B) To produce hormones
C) Both A and B
D) To support embryo development
Correct Answer: C) Both A and B
Explanation: The ovaries are a pair of female reproductive organs located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones including estrogen and progesterone.
A) Axon
B) Dendrites
C) Nucleus
D) Soma
Correct Answer: A) Axon
Explanation: The axon is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron’s cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles, and glands.
A) Glomerulus
B) Nephron
C) Renal capsule
D) Ureter
Correct Answer: B) Nephron
Explanation: The nephron is the microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. Nephrons filter blood, reabsorb what is needed, and excrete the rest as urine.
A) Transferases
B) Hydrolases
C) Kinases
D) Isomerases
Correct Answer: C) Kinases
Explanation: Kinases are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates. This process is known as phosphorylation, a key step in many cellular processes.
A) Gallbladder
B) Stomach
C) Pancreas
D) Liver
Correct Answer: D) Liver
Explanation: The liver is the organ primarily responsible for the synthesis of bile salts. Bile salts are critical for digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine.
A) Dermis
B) Epidermis
C) Hypodermis
D) Subcutis
Correct Answer: B) Epidermis
Explanation: The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. It forms the waterproof, protective wrap over the body’s surface and is made up of stratified squamous epithelium with an underlying basal lamina.
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