A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin B
C) Vitamin C
D) Vitamin D
Correct Answer: A) Vitamin A
Explanation: Vitamin A is crucial for the maintenance of normal vision, particularly for the synthesis of rhodopsin, the visual pigment in the retina that is essential for low-light (night) vision.
A) Vein
B) Artery
C) Capillary
D) Valve
Correct Answer: B) Artery
Explanation: Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the various parts of the body.
A) Pancreas
B) Liver
C) Kidney
D) Heart
Correct Answer: B) Liver
Explanation: The liver is the main site for the synthesis and metabolism of cholesterol and other vital substances.
A) Necrosis
B) Apoptosis
C) Infarction
D) Hypoxia
Correct Answer: C) Infarction
Explanation: Infarction is the process of tissue death (necrosis) that occurs when blood supply to that tissue is halted, as seen in heart attacks and strokes.
A) Small intestine
B) Large intestine
C) Stomach
D) Liver
Correct Answer: B) Large intestine
Explanation: The large intestine is responsible for the absorption of water and salts from the remaining indigestible food matter and the formation of solid waste (feces).
A) Humoral immunity
B) Cell-mediated immunity
C) Innate immunity
D) Passive immunity
Correct Answer: A) Humoral immunity
Explanation: Humoral immunity involves the production of antibodies by B cells. Antibodies bind to antigens on pathogens, marking them for destruction.
A) Nephron
B) Glomerulus
C) Renal pyramid
D) Ureter
Correct Answer: A) Nephron
Explanation: The nephron is the microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is involved in the process of filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed, and excreting the rest as urine.
A) Cortisol
B) Insulin
C) Adrenaline
D) Oxytocin
Correct Answer: C) Adrenaline
Explanation: Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is released by the adrenal glands and plays a significant role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy supplies.
A) To produce blood cells
B) To protect internal organs
C) To provide support and enable movement
D) All of the above
Correct Answer: D) All of the above
Explanation: The skeletal system provides structural support, protects internal organs, anchors muscles, and stores calcium. It also produces blood cells in the bone marrow.
A) Cell wall
B) Cell membrane
C) Nucleus
D) Cytoplasm
Correct Answer: B) Cell membrane
Explanation: The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, functions as a selectively permeable barrier that regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
A) Ecosystem
B) Biosphere
C) Population
D) Community
Correct Answer: A) Ecosystem
Explanation: An ecosystem includes all the living things (plants, animals, organisms) in a given area, interacting with each other, and also with their non-living environments (weather, earth, sun, soil, climate, atmosphere).
A) Iris
B) Retina
C) Cornea
D) Lens
Correct Answer: A) Iris
Explanation: The iris is the thin, circular structure in the eye, responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and thus the amount of light reaching the retina.
A) Chemosynthesis
B) Photosynthesis
C) Respiration
D) Fermentation
Correct Answer: B) Photosynthesis
Explanation: Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms’ activities.
A) Frontal lobe
B) Parietal lobe
C) Temporal lobe
D) Occipital lobe
Correct Answer: C) Temporal lobe
Explanation: The temporal lobe is one of the four main lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain. It is involved in processing sensory input into derived meanings for the appropriate retention of visual memory, language comprehension, and emotion association.
A) To break down proteins
B) To break down lipids
C) To break down carbohydrates
D) To break down nucleic acids
Correct Answer: C) To break down carbohydrates
Explanation: Amylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch into sugars. It is present in the saliva of humans and some other mammals, where it begins the chemical process of digestion.
A) Red blood cells
B) White blood cells
C) Plasma cells
D) Platelets
Correct Answer: D) Platelets
Explanation: Platelets, also called thrombocytes, are a component of blood whose function (along with the coagulation factors) is to stop bleeding by clumping and clotting blood vessel injuries.
A) Adrenal gland
B) Pineal gland
C) Pituitary gland
D) Thyroid gland
Correct Answer: C) Pituitary gland
Explanation: The pituitary gland, often called the “master gland,” influences many other glandular functions in the body. Its anterior lobe releases hormones that regulate sexual development, thyroid function, growth, skin pigmentation, and adrenocortical function.
A) Differentiated cells
B) Stem cells
C) Nerve cells
D) Epithelial cells
Correct Answer: B) Stem cells
Explanation: Stem cells are undifferentiated cells capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type, and from which certain other kinds of cells arise by differentiation.
A) Saturated fats contain no double bonds between carbon atoms; unsaturated fats contain one or more double bonds
B) Unsaturated fats contain no double bonds between carbon atoms; saturated fats contain one or more double bonds
C) Saturated fats have a higher ratio of hydrogen to carbon; unsaturated fats have a lower ratio
D) Unsaturated fats have a higher ratio of hydrogen to carbon; saturated fats have a lower ratio
Correct Answer: A) Saturated fats contain no double bonds between carbon atoms; unsaturated fats contain one or more double bonds
Explanation: Saturated fats have no double bonds between the carbon atoms of the fatty acid chains and are typically solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds and are typically liquid at room temperature.
A) Heart
B) Liver
C) Thyroid
D) Pancreas
Correct Answer: C) Thyroid
Explanation: The thyroid gland plays a major role in the metabolism, growth, and development of the human body. It regulates metabolic rate by releasing hormones.
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