A) Innate immunity
B) Passive immunity
C) Adaptive immunity
D) Cellular immunity
Correct Answer: C) Adaptive immunity
Explanation: Adaptive immunity is a type of immunity that develops after exposure to a specific pathogen. Recovery from an infection and vaccinations lead to the development of memory cells that are specific to that pathogen, providing long-term protection.
A) Diffusion
B) Osmosis
C) Active transport
D) Filtration
Correct Answer: B) Osmosis
Explanation: Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration until equilibrium is reached.
A) Mitochondria
B) Ribosomes
C) Golgi apparatus
D) Lysosomes
Correct Answer: D) Lysosomes
Explanation: Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They break down excess or worn-out cell parts. They may be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria.
A) To fight infections
B) To carry oxygen
C) To clot blood
D) To remove waste products
Correct Answer: B) To carry oxygen
Explanation: Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs.
A) Red blood cells
B) White blood cells
C) Platelets
D) Plasma cells
Correct Answer: B) White blood cells
Explanation: White blood cells, or leukocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.
A) To digest food
B) To absorb nutrients
C) To store undigested food
D) To produce bile
Correct Answer: A) To digest food
Explanation: The stomach plays a primary role in the digestive system by secreting acid and enzymes that digest food. Ridges of muscle tissue called rugae line the stomach. The stomach muscles contract periodically, churning food to enhance digestion. The pyloric sphincter is a muscular valve that opens to allow food to pass from the stomach to the small intestine.
A) Mitochondria
B) Nucleolus
C) Nucleus
D) Endoplasmic reticulum
Correct Answer: C) Nucleus
Explanation: The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material. This material is organized as DNA molecules, along with a variety of proteins, to form chromosomes.
A) Ecosystem
B) Community
C) Population
D) Biome
Correct Answer: C) Population
Explanation: A population refers to a group of individuals belonging to the same species that live in the same region at the same time.
A) Connective tissue
B) Nervous tissue
C) Muscle tissue
D) Epithelial tissue
Correct Answer: B) Nervous tissue
Explanation: Nervous tissue is the main tissue component of the two parts of the nervous system; the brain and spinal cord of the central nervous system (CNS), and the branching peripheral nerves of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which regulates and controls bodily functions and activity.
A) Mitosis
B) Meiosis
C) Binary fission
D) Fragmentation
Correct Answer: A) Mitosis
Explanation: Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle when replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is preceded by the S stage of interphase (during which the DNA is replicated) and is often accompanied or followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles, and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components.
A) Lens
B) Retina
C) Pupil
D) Optic nerve
Correct Answer: C) Pupil
Explanation: The pupil is a hole located in the center of the iris of the eye that allows light to strike the retina. It appears black because most of the light entering the pupil is absorbed by the tissues inside the eye.
A) Carbohydrates
B) Lipids
C) Proteins
D) Nucleic acids
Correct Answer: C) Proteins
Explanation: Enzymes are biological molecules (typically proteins) that significantly speed up the rate of virtually all of the chemical reactions that take place within cells.
A) Eukaryotic cell
B) Prokaryotic cell
C) Animal cell
D) Plant cell
Correct Answer: B) Prokaryotic cell
Explanation: Prokaryotic cells are not structured like eukaryotic cells; they have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
A) Leaves
B) Flowers
C) Stems
D) Roots
Correct Answer: D) Roots
Explanation: Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil and anchor the plant in the ground.
A) Fertilization
B) Pollination
C) Germination
D) Photosynthesis
Correct Answer: B) Pollination
Explanation: Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred from the anther (male part) to the stigma (female part) of the plant, leading to fertilization.
A) Red blood cells
B) Platelets
C) T cells
D) Nerve cells
Correct Answer: C) T cells
Explanation: HIV primarily targets T cells, specifically CD4+ T cells, which are crucial in the immune system’s response to infection.
A) Adrenaline
B) Insulin
C) Estrogen
D) Thyroxine
Correct Answer: B) Insulin
Explanation: Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells.
A) Nucleus
B) Ribosome
C) Mitochondrion
D) Endoplasmic reticulum
Correct Answer: C) Mitochondrion
Explanation: The mitochondrion is known as the powerhouse of the cell because it generates ATP, the cell’s energy currency, through cellular respiration.
A) Kidney
B) Heart
C) Liver
D) Spleen
Correct Answer: C) Liver
Explanation: The liver plays a crucial role in detoxifying substances and metabolizing drugs to prevent toxic substances from accumulating in the body.
A) Cellular respiration
B) Fermentation
C) Photosynthesis
D) Diffusion
Correct Answer: A) Cellular respiration
Explanation: Cellular respiration is the process by which cells release energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen.
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