Correct Answer: B) Endothermic reaction
Explanation: Endothermic reactions absorb energy from their surroundings, typically in the form of heat, leading to a decrease in temperature of the surroundings.
A) Filtration
B) Distillation
C) Smelting
D) Sublimation
Correct Answer: C) Smelting
Explanation: Smelting is a process that involves heating and melting ore to extract a base metal. It is a form of extractive metallurgy used to extract metals from their ores using heat and chemical reducing agents.
A) Exothermic reaction
B) Endothermic reaction
C) Synthesis reaction
D) Decomposition reaction
Correct Answer: B) Endothermic reaction
Explanation: Endothermic reactions absorb energy from their surroundings, typically in the form of heat, leading to a decrease in temperature of the surroundings.
A) Creating plastic polymers
B) Synthesizing ammonia
C) Distilling crude oil
D) Producing soap
Correct Answer: B) Synthesizing ammonia
Explanation: The Haber process is primarily used to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gases. Ammonia produced is mainly used to manufacture fertilizers and other chemicals.
A) Oxygen
B) Argon
C) Carbon dioxide
D) Neon
Correct Answer: C) Carbon dioxide
Explanation: Carbon dioxide is a key greenhouse gas associated with the greenhouse effect, contributing significantly to global warming by trapping heat in the Earth’s atmosphere.
A) Calcium carbonate
B) Calcium hydroxide
C) Calcium oxide
D) Calcium chloride
Correct Answer: C) Calcium oxide
Explanation: Calcium oxide, commonly known as quicklime, is a caustic alkaline substance used in cement and various chemical processes.
A) Temperature
B) Pressure
C) Volume
D) Density
Correct Answer: A) Temperature
Explanation: Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. Higher temperatures indicate higher average kinetic energies.
A) Metallic solid
B) Covalent network solid
C) Molecular solid
D) Ionic solid
Correct Answer: D) Ionic solid
Explanation: Ionic solids are characterized by a lattice structure formed by ions. They have high melting points and are typically soluble in water due to the strong electrostatic forces between the ions.
A) Increases with decreasing pressure
B) Decreases with increasing pressure
C) Increases with increasing pressure
D) Is not affected by pressure
Correct Answer: C) Increases with increasing pressure
Explanation: According to Henry’s law, the solubility of a gas in a liquid increases with an increase in pressure. Higher pressure forces more gas molecules into the solution.
A) Sulfuric acid
B) Acetic acid
C) Phosphoric acid
D) Hydrochloric acid
Correct Answer: A) Sulfuric acid
Explanation: Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) is commonly used in lead-acid batteries found in cars. It acts as an electrolyte to facilitate the flow of electrical current during the discharge and charge processes.
A) Covalent
B) Ionic
C) Metallic
D) Hydrogen
Correct Answer: B) Ionic
Explanation: Sodium chloride (NaCl) is formed through ionic bonding, where electrons are transferred from sodium to chlorine, resulting in the formation of oppositely charged ions that attract each other.
A) Hydrogen bonding
B) London dispersion forces
C) Dipole-dipole interactions
D) Ionic bonding
Correct Answer: A) Hydrogen bonding
Explanation: Hydrogen bonding significantly contributes to the solubility of alcohols in water. The hydrogen bonds form between the hydroxyl groups of the alcohol and water molecules.
A) As a drying agent
B) In cement production
C) As a buffer solution
D) In the extraction of metals
Correct Answer: B) In cement production
Explanation: Calcium carbonate is a primary ingredient in the production of cement, where it is calcined to form lime, a key component of cement.
A) Uranium
B) Plutonium
C) Lead
D) Osmium
Correct Answer: A) Uranium
Explanation: Uranium is the heaviest naturally occurring element on the periodic table, commonly used in nuclear power generation and atomic weapons.
A) To speed up reactions
B) To maintain a constant pH
C) To change the color of the solution
D) To act as a catalyst
Correct Answer: B) To maintain a constant pH
Explanation: A buffer solution resists changes in pH upon the addition of small amounts of acids or bases. This property is crucial in many biological and chemical applications where a stable pH is necessary.
A) Oxidation
B) Reduction
C) Sublimation
D) Deposition
Correct Answer: B) Reduction
Explanation: Reduction is the process of gaining electrons in a chemical reaction. It often occurs alongside oxidation in redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions, where one substance gains electrons (reduced) and another loses electrons (oxidized).
A) Decomposition
B) Double displacement
C) Single displacement
D) Combustion
Correct Answer: B) Double displacement
Explanation: In a double displacement reaction, also known as a metathesis reaction, two compounds exchange ions to form two new compounds. This type of reaction often results in the formation of a precipitate.
A) Chlorine
B) Sulfur
C) Iron
D) Sodium
Correct Answer: D) Sodium
Explanation: Sodium is classified as an alkali metal, which are located in Group 1 of the periodic table. These metals are highly reactive, especially with water, and have a single electron in their outermost shell.
A) Oxidation
B) Reduction
C) Neutralization
D) Catalysis
Correct Answer: A) Oxidation
Explanation: Oxidation is the loss of electrons during a chemical reaction. It is often coupled with reduction, forming the basis of redox reactions.
A) Activation energy
B) Kinetic energy
C) Potential energy
D) Thermal energy
Correct Answer: A) Activation energy
Explanation: Activation energy is the minimum energy required to initiate a chemical reaction. It represents the energy barrier that must be overcome for reactants to be transformed into products.
A) Ionic bond
B) Covalent bond
C) Hydrogen bond
D) Metallic bond
Correct Answer: C) Hydrogen bond
Explanation: Hydrogen bonds are the primary type of bond found between water molecules. These bonds are weaker than covalent bonds but are crucial for determining the physical properties of water.
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